Tropical thunderclouds produce high levels of highly dynamicgamma-ray emissions


ER-2 in support of the ALOFT campaign: I. The European Research Council, the Research Council of Norway, the National Institute for High Performance Computing and Data Storage in Norway and the US Naval Research Laboratory

This work was done using data from a variety of sensors and networks. The ALOFT campaign and the UIB-BGO instrument were supported by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013, Grant Agreement No. 320839) and the Research Council of Norway (Contract Nos. 223252/F50 (CoE) and 325582). The National Infrastructure for High Performance computing and Data Storage in Norway was provided some resources by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The Office of Naval Research 6.1 funds support work on aLOFT at the US Naval Research Laboratory. In addition, D. Shy is supported by the US Naval Research Laboratory’s Jerome and Isabella Karle Fellowship. The work done by S Podgorny, D. Corredor, and M. Stewart have been acknowledged by the FEGS. S.C. and Y.P. were partly supported by the National Science Foundation’s Dynamic and Physical Meteorology Program (Grant No. AGS-2026304). The use of the VHF data was supported by the US National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 1720600 and 2214044). Five people from the University of Central Florida worked with a VHF interferometer to be installed at the Townes Institute. The participation in the project of J.A.R, J.L, M.U., O.v.d.V and J.M. was supported by the government of Spain. The European Regional Development Fund is a way of making Europe. The Royal Society, UK and the Natural Environment Research Council provided funds for M.F. NASA gave significant financial and logistical support to ALOFT. We thank the governments of Mexico, the Bahamas, Colombia, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Haiti, Turks & Caicos, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands for approving ER-2 overflights in support of ALOFT. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites Mesoscale Domain Sectors in support of ALOFT were enabled by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We thank the ER-2 Project Team at NASA Armstrong Flight Research Center and the MacDill Air Force Base for acting as hosts.